Observational Equipment of the Beijing Ancient Observatory

I. Introduction

The Beijing Ancient Observatory, as a core base for ancient Chinese astronomy, not only witnesses the historical trajectory of astronomical development but also attracts numerous astronomers and history enthusiasts with its rich observational equipment. These instruments mainly include the equatorial armillary sphere, ecliptic armillary sphere, quadrant, celestial globe, sextant, and theodolite. In the late 1715, Kilian Stumpf was appointed to manufacture the azimuth theodolite. During the Qianlong period (1744), Emperor Qianlong ordered the construction of the final instrument — the New Armillary Sphere (Jiheng Armillary Sphere), which not only showcases the superb craftsmanship of ancient Chinese astronomy but also embodies the achievements of scientific and technological exchanges between China and the West.

Reference：Beijing Ancient Observatory

II. Introduction to Major Astronomical Instruments

  1. Equatorial Armillary Sphere

1.1 Definition and Uses

The equatorial armillary sphere is a precision instrument used to measure the right ascension and declination of celestial bodies, capable of accurately tracking their positional changes in the equatorial coordinate system.

1.2 Characteristics and Value

The equatorial armillary sphere boasts intricate design and complex structure, representing the height of ancient Chinese astronomy. It is not only an important tool for observing celestial bodies but also an essential piece of evidence for studying ancient astronomy and mechanical manufacturing techniques.

Equatorial Armillary Sphere

  1. Ecliptic Armillary Sphere

2.1 Definition and Uses

The ecliptic armillary sphere is used to observe the positional changes of the sun on the ecliptic, which is crucial for studying astronomical phenomena such as solar and lunar eclipses.

2.2 Characteristics and Value

The ecliptic armillary sphere can visually demonstrate the sun's movement轨迹 on the ecliptic, assisting astronomers in predicting and explaining related astronomical phenomena. It is also an important tool for studying ancient astronomy and mathematics.